This article is about the entire genus Betta. For the species Betta splendens which is often called simply "betta", see Siamese fighting fish.
Betta
Betta albimarginata
Betta albimarginata
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Osphronemidae
Genus: Betta
Species
B. persephone
B. picta - spotted betta
B. pugnax - Penang betta
B. splendens - Siamese fighting fish
and others (see text)
Betta Bleeker, 1850 is a large genus of small, often colorful, freshwater ray-finned fishes in the gourami family (Osphronemidae). The type species is B. picta, the spotted betta.[1] By far the best known Betta species, however, is B. splendens, the Siamese fighting fish.
All the Betta species are small fishes, but they vary considerably in size, ranging from under 2.5 cm (1 inch) total length in B. chanoides to 14 cm (5.5 inches) in the Akar betta (B. akarensis).[1]
Bettas are anabantoids, which means they can breathe atmospheric air thanks to a unique organ called the labyrinth. This accounts for their ability to thrive in low-oxygen water conditions that would kill most other fish, such as rice paddies, slow-moving streams, drainage ditches, and large puddles. [2]
The various bettas can be divided into two groups, based on their spawning behaviour: some build bubble nests, like B. splendens, while others are mouthbrooders, like B. picta. The mouthbrooding species are sometimes called "pseudo bettas", and are sometimes speculated to have evolved from the nest-builders in an adaptation to their fast-moving stream habitats.[3]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Food
* 2 Name
* 3 Conservation
* 4 Species
* 5 External links
* 6 References
[edit] Food
Betta fish are not big eaters but should be fed a small amount once or twice a day. They can be fed floating flake food, freeze dried blood worms, live black worms, or frozen brine shrimp.
[edit] Name
There is often much confusion in terminology regarding these fish. So-called "Siamese fighting fish", B. splendens, are frequently sold in the United States simply as "bettas." Fish fanciers are thus often unaware that, as of 2006, there are around 65 species classified within the genus Betta. A further source of confusion is that while the generic name Betta is italicized and capitalized, when used as a common name it is usually not capitalized. [4] The common name of Betta pugnax, for example, is thus Penang betta.
Siamese fighting fish, B. splendens, is often referred to as betta in the U.S., leading to some confusion
Siamese fighting fish, B. splendens, is often referred to as betta in the U.S., leading to some confusion
The name Betta (or betta) is pronounced /ËbÉtÉ/.[4]That is, the first part is the same as the English word bet. By confusion with the name of the Greek letter beta, the name is often pronounced /ËbeɪtÉ/ in American English, and may be misspelled with one t. The name of the genus is unrelated to that of the Greek letter, being derived from ikan bettah, in a local language in Thailand.[1]
[edit] Conservation
While many Betta species are common and B. splendens is ubiquitous in the aquarium trade, other bettas are threatened. The IUCN Red List classifies several Betta species as Vulnerable. In addition, B. livida is Endangered, and B. miniopinna, B. persephone, and B. spilotogena are Critically Endangered.[5]
The United Nations Environment Programme lists an unconfirmed species, Betta cf. tomi, as having become extinct in Singapore between 1970 and 1994.[6] This likely refers to the extirpated Singaporean population of B. tomi, which continues to exist in the wild in Indonesia and Malaysia as well as in captivity; the Red List classifies it as Vulnerable.[7][8]
[edit] Species
The currently described Betta species can be grouped into "complexes" for conservation purposes. (This grouping of species makes no claim at representing a taxonomic reality.) The complexes are the associated species are:[1] [9] [10]
* Akarensis complex:
o Betta akarensis Regan, 1910 – Akar betta
o Betta antoni Tan & Ng, 2006
o Betta aurigans Tan & Ng, 2004
o Betta balunga Herre, 1940
o Betta chini Ng, 1993
o Betta ibanorum Tan and Ng, 2004
o Betta obscura Tan & Ng, 2005
o Betta pinguis Tan and Kottelat, 1998
* Albimarginata complex:
o Betta albimarginata Kottelat and Ng, 1994
o Betta channoides Kottelat and Ng, 1994
* Anabatoides complex:
o Betta anabatoides Bleeker, 1851 – giant betta
* Bellica complex:
o Betta bellica Sauvage, 1884 – slim betta
o Betta simorum Tan and Ng, 1996
* Coccina complex:
o Betta brownorum Witte and Schmidt, 1992
o Betta burdigala Kottelat and Ng, 1994
o Betta coccina Vierke, 1979
o Betta livida Ng and Kottelat, 1992
o Betta miniopinna Tan and Tan, 1994
o Betta persephone Schaller, 1986
o Betta rutilans Witte and Kottelat in Kottelat, 1991
o Betta tussyae Schaller, 1985
o Betta uberis Tan & Ng, 2006
* Dimidiata complex:
o Betta dimidiata Roberts, 1989
o Betta krataios Tan & Ng, 2006
* Edithae complex:
o Betta edithae Vierke, 1984
* Foerschi complex:
o Betta foerschi Vierke, 1979
o Betta mandor Tan & Ng, 2006
o Betta rubra Perugia, 1893 – Toba betta
o Betta strohi Schaller and Kottelat, 1989
* Picta complex:
o Betta falx Tan and Kottelat, 1998
o Betta picta (Valenciennes, 1846) – spotted betta
o Betta simplex Kottelat, 1994
o Betta taeniata Regan, 1910 – Borneo betta
* Pugnax complex:
o Betta breviobesus Tan and Kottelat, 1998
o Betta cracens Tan & Ng, 2005
o Betta enisae Kottelat, 1995
o Betta fusca Regan, 1910 – dusky betta
o Betta lehi Tan & Ng, 2005
o Betta pallida Schindler & Schmidt, 2004
o Betta prima Kottelat, 1994
o Betta pugnax (Cantor, 1849) – Penang betta
o Betta pulchra Tan and Tan, 1996
o Betta raja Tan & Ng, 2005
o Betta schalleri Kottelat and Ng, 1994
o Betta stigmosa Tan & Ng, 2005
* Splendens complex:
o Betta imbellis Ladiges, 1975 – crescent betta
o Betta mahachai Panitvong, Nonn, 2002 –
o Betta smaragdina Ladiges, 1972 – emerald green betta
o Betta splendens Regan, 1910 – Siamese fighting fish
o Betta stiktos Tan & Ng, 2005
* Unimaculata complex:
o Betta compuncta Tan & Ng, 2006
o Betta gladiator Tan & Ng, 2005
o Betta ideii Tan & Ng, 2006
o Betta macrostoma Regan, 1910 – spotfin betta
o Betta ocellata de Beaufort, 1933
o Betta pallifina Tan & Ng, 2005
o Betta patoti Weber and de Beaufort, 1922
o Betta unimaculata (Popta, 1905) – Howong betta
* Waseri complex:
o Betta chloropharynx Kottelat and Ng, 1994
o Betta hipposideros Ng and Kottelat, 1994
o Betta pi Tan, 1998
o Betta renata Tan, 1998
o Betta spilotogena Ng and Kottelat, 1994
o Betta tomi Ng and Kottelat, 1994
o Betta waseri Krummenacher, 1986
* unassigned:
o Betta apollon Schindler & Schmidt, 2006
o Betta bangka
o Betta bungbihn
o Betta ferox Schindler & Schmidt, 2006
o Betta sukadan
[edit] External links
* Betta at the Open Directory Project
[edit] References
1. ^ a b c d "Betta". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. March 2006 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2006.
2. ^ Marcus Song, Caring for Betta Fish ?????????(Lulu Press, 2006). ISBN 1-4116-9365-5
3. ^ Fernando, Yohan. Betta edithae - a Pseudo Betta?. International Betta Congress Species Maintenance Program. Retrieved on 2006-06-30.
4. ^ a b "Betta". American Heritage Dictionary (4th ed.). Retrieved on 2006-06-29.
5. ^ 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. they are amazing..... Retrieved on 2006-06-30.
6. ^ Extinctions since 1970. United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (2006). Retrieved on 2006-07-01.
7. ^ Kottelat, M. (1996). Betta tomi. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved on 2006-07-01.
8. ^ Betta tomi. International Betta Congress Species Maintenance Program. Retrieved on 2006-07-01.
9. ^ Species Complex Management. International Betta Congress Species Maintenance Program. Retrieved on 2006-07-01.
10. ^ Betta (TSN 172610). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved on 30 June 2006.